The Global Innovation Hubs Index 2024 from Nature shows four cities in the EU considered as global innovation hubs: Paris, Munich, Amsterdam and Dublin but there is strong convergence to the developed high-income hubs from Asian cities. These hubs are clustered into four development patterns, innovation economy-oriented cities, research innovation-oriented cities, combined research and innovation ecosystems, and cities of balance development. While many hubs have held their positions longer-term, there have been significant changes with the AI revolution.
The development or switching of rankings is associated with infrastructure development including the ability to increases global capital and labor flow. Hub cities constantly need capital and an inflow of new labor talent to maintain their edge.
Again, the EU shows consistency with their hubs, but there is an increasing global competition.
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